python - generate list of dictionaries from template dictionary and keys -

i'm trying automate series of tests, , need have loop change parameters.

mydictionary={'a':10,'b':100,'c':30}  def swaprules(d,rule):    "clear dict, set 100 rule match string"    print d, rule    if not d.has_key(rule): raise exception("wrong string")    d=resetdict(d)    d[rule]=100    return d  def resetdict(d):    '''clear dict '''    in d.keys():        d[i]=0    return d  def tests(d):    itertools import starmap, repeat, izip    keys=d.keys()    paramsdictionaries=list(starmap(swaprules, izip(repeat(d),keys)))    print(paramsdictionaries) 

i'cannot understand why when run test(mydictionary) output contains same value. seems issue not in wrong use of itertools: repl shows substituting simple list comprehension:

in [9]: keys=mydictionary.keys() in [10]: [tr.swaprules(mydictionary,jj) jj in keys] {'a': 0, 'c': 0, 'b': 100} {'a': 100, 'c': 0, 'b': 0} c {'a': 0, 'c': 100, 'b': 0} b out[10]: [{'a': 0, 'b': 100, 'c': 0},  {'a': 0, 'b': 100, 'c': 0},  {'a': 0, 'b': 100, 'c': 0}] 

i'm puzzled since when swaprules function evoked alone, produces expected result, shown print statements... idea on i'm doing wrong? chance caching something?

answering own question since i've found work:

def swaprules2(d,rule):     '''clear dict, return new rule set'''     keys=d.keys()     if rule not in keys: raise exception("wrong key")     outd=dict.fromkeys(keys,0)     outd[rule]=100     return outd 

and in list comprehension returns expected output:

 in [16]: [tr.swaprules2(mydict,jj) jj in keys] out[16]: [{'a': 100, 'b': 0, 'c': 0},  {'a': 0, 'b': 0, 'c': 100},  {'a': 0, 'b': 100, 'c': 0}] 

however, still not understand why previous approach did not.